RFC relevance of research

As per Relevance of the word research, we have this rfc below:

Network Working Group R.
Request for Comments: 2235
FYI: 32 November 1997
Category:

Hobbes' Internet

Status of this

This memo provides information for the Internet community. It
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
memo is unlimited

Copyright

Copyright (C) Robert H. Zakon and The Internet Society (1997).
All Rights Reserved

1.

This document presents a history of the Internet in timeline fashion
highlighting some of the key events and technologies which
shape the Internet as we know it today. A growth summary of
Internet and some associated technologies is also included

2. Hobbes' Internet

Excerpted from the author's copyrighted work of the same name.
most current version of Hobbes' Internet Timeline is available
http://info.isoc.org/guest/zakon/Internet/History/HIT.

---------------------------------------------------------------------
1950

1957
USSR launches Sputnik, first artificial earth satellite.
response, US forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA
within the Department of Defense (DoD) to establish US lead
science and technology applicable to the military (:amk:)

---------------------------------------------------------------------

1960

1962
Paul Baran, RAND: "On Distributed Communications Networks
- Packet-switching (PS) networks; no single outage

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1965
ARPA sponsors study on "cooperative network of time-
computers
- TX-2 at MIT Lincoln Lab and Q-32 at System
Corporation (Santa Monica, CA) are directly linked (
packet switches

1967
ACM Symposium on Operating
- Plan presented for a packet-switching
- First design paper on ARPANET published by Lawrence G.

National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in Middlesex, England
NPL Data Network under D. W.

1968
PS-network presented to the Advanced Research Projects
(ARPA

1969
ARPANET commissioned by DoD for research into
- First node at UCLA, Network Measurements
[SDS SIGMA 7, SEX] and soon after at
- Stanford Research Institute (SRI), NIC [SDS940/Genie
- UCSB, Culler-Fried Interactive
[IBM 360/75, OS/MVT
- Univ of Utah, Graphics [DEC PDP-10, Tenex
- use of Information Message Processors (IMP) [Honeywell 516
mini computer with 12K of memory developed by Bolt
and Newman, Inc. (BBN

First Request for Comment (RFC): "Host Software" by Steve

Univ of Michigan, Michigan State and Wayne State Univ
X.25-based Merit network for students, faculty, alumni (:sw1:)

---------------------------------------------------------------------

1970

Store-and-forward
- Used electronic mail technology and extended it

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1970
ALOHAnet developed by Norman Abrahamson, Univ of Hawaii (:sk2:)
- connected to the ARPANET in 1972

ARPANET hosts start using Network Control Protocol (NCP).

1971
15 nodes (23 hosts): UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Univ of Utah, BBN, MIT, RAND
SDC, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, Stanford, UIU(C), CWRU, CMU, NASA/

Ray Tomlinson of BBN invents email program to send messages
a distributed network. The original program was derived from
others: an intra-machine email program (SNDMSG) and an
file transfer program (CPYNET) (:amk:irh:)

1972
International Conference on Computer Communications
demonstration of ARPANET between 40 machines and the
Interface Processor (TIP) organized by Bob Kahn

InterNetworking Working Group (INWG) created to address need
establishing agreed upon protocols. Chairman: Vinton Cerf

Telnet specification (RFC 318)

1973
First international connections to the ARPANET: University
of London (England) and Royal Radar Establishment (Norway

Bob Metcalfe's Harvard PhD Thesis outlines idea for
(:amk:)

Bob Kahn poses Internet problem, starts internetting
program at ARPA. Vinton Cerf sketches gateway architecture in
on back of envelope in hotel lobby in San Francisco (:vgc:)

Cerf and Kahn present basic Internet ideas at INWG in September
Univ of Sussex, Brighton, UK (:vgc:)

File Transfer specification (RFC 454)

1974
Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish "A Protocol for Packet
Intercommunication" which specified in detail the design of
Transmission Control Program (TCP). [IEEE Trans Comm] (:amk:)

BBN opens Telenet, the first public packet data service (
commercial version of ARPANET) (:sk2:)

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1975
Operational management of Internet transferred to DCA (now DISA

"Jargon File", by Raphael Finkel at SAIL, first released (:esr:)

Shockwave Rider written by John Brunner (:pds:)

1976
Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom sends out an e-
(various Net folks have e-mailed dates ranging from 1971 to 1978;
1976 was the most submitted and the only found in print

UUCP (Unix-to-Unix CoPy) developed at AT&T Bell Labs
distributed with UNIX one year later

1977
THEORYNET created by Larry Landweber at Univ of Wisconsin
electronic mail to over 100 researchers in computer science (
a locally developed email system and TELENET for access to server).

Mail specification (RFC 733)

Tymshare launches

First demonstration of ARPANET/Packet Radio Net/SATNET operation
Internet protocols with BBN-supplied gateways in July (:vgc:)

1979
Meeting between Univ of Wisconsin, DARPA, NSF, and
scientists from many universities to establish a Computer
Department research computer network (organized by Larry Landweber

USENET established using UUCP between Duke and UNC by Tom Truscott
Jim Ellis, and Steve Bellovin. All original groups were under net.*
hierarchy

First MUD, MUD1, by Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw at U of

ARPA establishes the Internet Configuration Control Board (ICCB

Packet Radio Network (PRNET) experiment starts with DARPA funding
Most communications take place between mobile vans.
connection via SRI

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1980

1981
BITNET, the "Because It's Time NETwork
- Started as a cooperative network at the City University of
York, with the first connection to Yale (:feg:)
- Original acronym stood for 'There' instead of 'Time'
reference to the free NJE protocols provided with the

- Provides electronic mail and listserv servers to
information, as well as file

CSNET (Computer Science NETwork) built by a collaboration
computer scientists and Univ of Delaware, Purdue Univ, Univ
Wisconsin, RAND Corporation and BBN through seed money granted
NSF to provide networking services (especially email) to
scientists with no access to ARPANET. CSNET later becomes known
the Computer and Science Network. (:amk,lhl:)

Minitel (Teletel) is deployed across France by France Telecom

True Names written by Vernor Vinge (:pds:)

1982
DCA and ARPA establish the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known
TCP/IP, for ARPANET. (:vgc:)
- This leads to one of the first definitions of an "internet"
a connected set of networks, specifically those using TCP/IP
and "Internet" as connected TCP/IP internets
- DoD declares TCP/IP suite to be standard for DoD (:vgc:)

EUnet (European UNIX Network) is created by EUUG to provide
and USENET services. (:glg:)
- original connections between the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden
and

External Gateway Protocol (RFC 827) specification. EGP is used
gateways between networks

1983
Name server developed at Univ of Wisconsin, no longer
users to know the exact path to other systems

Cutover from NCP to TCP/IP (1 January

CSNET / ARPANET gateway put in

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ARPANET split into ARPANET and MILNET; the latter became
with the Defense Data Network created the previous year

Desktop workstations come into being, many with Berkeley UNIX
includes IP networking software

Networking needs switch from having a single, large time
computer connected to the Internet at each site, to
connecting entire local networks

Internet Activities Board (IAB) established, replacing

Berkeley releases 4.2BSD incorporating TCP/IP (:mpc:)

EARN (European Academic and Research Network) established.
similar to the way BITNET works with a gateway funded by IBM

FidoNet developed by Tom Jennings

1984
Domain Name System (DNS) introduced

Number of hosts breaks 1,000

JUNET (Japan Unix Network) established using UUCP

JANET (Joint Academic Network) established in the UK using
Coloured Book protocols; previously SERCnet

Moderated newsgroups introduced on USENET (mod.*)

Neuromancer written by William

1985
Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (WELL)

Information Sciences Institute (ISI) at USC is given
for DNS root management by DCA, and SRI for DNS NIC

Symbolics.com is assigned on 15 March to become the first
domain. Other firsts: cmu.edu, purdue.edu, rice.edu, ucla.
(April); css.gov (June); mitre.org, .uk (July

100 years to the day of the last spike being driven on the cross
Canada railroad, the last Canadian university is connected to
in a one year effort to have coast-to-coast connectivity. (:kf1:)

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1986
NSFNET created (backbone speed of 56Kbps
- NSF establishes 5 super-computing centers to
high-computing power for all (JVNC@Princeton, PSC@Pittsburgh
SDSC@UCSD, NCSA@UIUC, Theory Center@Cornell).
- This allows an explosion of connections, especially
universities

NSF-funded SDSCNET, JVNCNET, SURANET, and NYSERNET
(:sw1:)

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Internet Research
Force (IRTF) comes into existence under the IAB. First IETF
held in January at Linkabit in San

The first Freenet (Cleveland) comes on-line 16 July under
auspices of the Society for Public Access Computing (SoPAC).
Freenet program management assumed by the National
Telecomputing Network (NPTN) in 1989 (:sk2,rab:)

Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) designed to enhance
news performance over TCP/IP

Mail Exchanger (MX) records developed by Craig Partridge
non-IP network hosts to have domain addresses

The great USENET name change; moderated newsgroups changed in 1987.

BARRNET (Bay Area Regional Research Network) established using
speed links. Operational in 1987.

1987
NSF signs a cooperative agreement to manage the NSFNET
with Merit Network, Inc. (IBM and MCI involvement was through
agreement with Merit). Merit, IBM, and MCI later founded ANS

UUNET is founded with Usenix funds to provide commercial UUCP
Usenet access. Originally an experiment by Rick Adams and
O'

Email link established between Germany and China using
protocols, with the first message from China sent on 20 September
(:wz1:)

1000th RFC: "Request For Comments reference guide

Number of hosts breaks 10,000

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Number of BITNET hosts breaks 1,000

1988
2 November - Internet worm burrows through the Net,
~6,000 of the 60,000 hosts on the Internet (:ph1:)

CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team) formed by DARPA in
to the needs exhibited during the Morris worm incident. The worm
the only advisory issued this year

DoD chooses to adopt OSI and sees use of TCP/IP as an interim.
Government OSI Profile (GOSIP) defines the set of protocols to
supported by Government purchased products (:gck:)

Los Nettos network created with no federal funding,
supported by regional members (founding: Caltech, TIS, UCLA, USC
ISI).

NSFNET backbone upgraded to T1 (1.544Mbps

CERFnet (California Education and Research Federation network
founded by Susan Estrada

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) developed by Jarkko Oikarinen (:zby:)

First Canadian regionals join NSFNET: ONet via Cornell, RISQ
Princeton, BCnet via Univ of Washington (:ec1:)

FidoNet gets connected to the Net, enabling the exchange of e-
and news (:tp1:)

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Canada (CA), Denmark (DK),
(FI), France (FR), Iceland (IS), Norway (NO), Sweden (SE

1989
Number of hosts breaks 100,000

RIPE (Reseaux IP Europeens) formed (by European service providers
to ensure the necessary administrative and technical
to allow the operation of the pan-European IP Network. (:glg:)

First relays between a commercial electronic mail carrier and
Internet: MCI Mail through the Corporation for the
Research Initiative (CNRI), and Compuserve through Ohio State
(:jg1,ph1:)

Corporation for Research and Education Networking (CREN) is
by merging CSNET into

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AARNET - Australian Academic Research Network - set up by AVCC
CSIRO; introduced into service the following year (:gmc:)

Cuckoo's Egg written by Clifford Stoll tells the real-life tale
a German cracker group who infiltrated numerous US

CERT advisories: 7

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Australia (AU), Germany (DE),
Israel (IL), Italy (IT), Japan (JP), Mexico (MX), Netherlands (NL),
New Zealand (NZ), Puerto Rico (PR), United Kingdom (UK

---------------------------------------------------------------------

1990

1990
ARPANET ceases to

Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is founded by Mitch

Archie released by Peter Deutsch, Alan Emtage, and Bill Heelan

Hytelnet released by Peter Scott (Univ of Saskatchewan

The World comes on-line (world.std.com), becoming the
commercial provider of Internet dial-up

ISO Development Environment (ISODE) developed to provide
approach for OSI migration for the DoD. ISODE software allows
application to operate over TCP/IP (:gck:)

CA*net formed by 10 regional networks as national Canadian
with direct connection to NSFNET (:ec1:)

The first remotely operated machine to be hooked up to
Internet, the Internet Toaster, (controlled via SNMP) makes
debut at Interop

CERT advisories: 12, reports: 130

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Argentina (AR), Austria (AT),
Belgium (BE), Brazil (BR), Chile (CL), Greece (GR), India (IN),
Ireland (IE), Korea (KR), Spain (ES), Switzerland (CH

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1991
Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX) Association, Inc. formed
General Atomics (CERFnet), Performance Systems International, Inc
(PSInet), and UUNET Technologies, Inc. (AlterNet), after NSF
restrictions on the commercial use of the Net (:glg:)

Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS), invented by Brewster Kahle
released by Thinking Machines

Gopher released by Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill from the
of

World-Wide Web (WWW) released by CERN; Tim Berners-Lee
(:pb1:)

PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) released by Philip Zimmerman (:ad1:)

US High Performance Computing Act (Gore 1) establishes the
Research and Education Network (NREN

NSFNET backbone upgraded to T3 (44.736Mbps

NSFNET traffic passes 1 trillion bytes/month and 10
packets/

Defense Data Network NIC contract awarded by DISA to
Systems Inc. who takes over from SRI in

Start of JANET IP Service (JIPS) which signalled the
from Coloured Book software to TCP/IP within the UK
network. IP was initially 'tunnelled' within X.25. (:gst:)

CERT advisories: 23

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Croatia (HR), Czech Repulic (CZ),
Hong Kong (HK), Hungary (HU), Poland (PL), Portugal (PT),
(SG), South Africa (ZA), Taiwan (TW), Tunisia (TN

1992
Internet Society (ISOC) is

Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000

First MBONE audio multicast (March) and video multicast (November

RIPE Network Coordination Center (NCC) created in April to
address registration and coordination services to the
Internet community (:dk1:)

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IAB reconstituted as the Internet Architecture Board and
part of the Internet

Veronica, a gopherspace search tool, is released by Univ of

World Bank comes on-

Japan's first ISP, Internet Initiative Japan (IIJ), is formed
Koichi

The term "Surfing the Internet" is coined by Jean Armour
(:jap:)

Internet Hunt started by Rick

CERT advisories: 21, reports: 800

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Antarctica (AQ), Cameroon (CM),
Cyprus (CY), Ecuador (EC), Estonia (EE), Kuwait (KW), Latvia (LV),
Luxembourg (LU), Malaysia (MY), Slovakia (SK), Slovenia (SI),
Thailand (TH), Venezuela (VE

1993
InterNIC created by NSF to provide specific Internet services
(:sc1:)
- directory and database services (AT&T
- registration services (Network Solutions Inc.)
- information services (General Atomics/CERFnet

US White House comes on-line (http://www.whitehouse.gov/):
- President Bill Clinton: president@whitehouse.
- Vice-President Al Gore: vice-president@whitehouse.

Worms of a new kind find their way around the Net - WWW Worms (W4),
joined by Spiders, Wanderers, Crawlers, and Snakes ...

Internet Talk Radio begins broadcasting (:sk2:)

United Nations (UN) comes on-line (:vgc:)

US National Information Infrastructure

Businesses and media really take notice of the

Mosaic takes the Internet by storm; WWW proliferates at a 341,634%
annual growth rate of service traffic. Gopher's growth is 997%.

CERT advisories: 18, reports: 1300

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Countries connecting to NSFNET: Bulgaria (BG), Costa Rica (CR),
Egypt (EG), Fiji (FJ), Ghana (GH), Guam (GU), Indonesia (ID),
Kazakhstan (KZ), Kenya (KE), Liechtenstein (LI), Peru (PE),
(RO), Russian Federation (RU), Turkey (TR), Ukraine (UA), UAE (AE),
US Virgin Islands (VI

1994
ARPANET/Internet celebrates 25th

Communities begin to be wired up directly to the
(Lexington and Cambridge, MA, USA

US Senate and House provide information

Shopping malls arrive on the

First cyberstation, RT-FM, broadcasts from Interop in Las

The National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST)
that GOSIP should incorporate TCP/IP and drop the "OSI-only
requirement (:gck:)

Arizona law firm of Canter & Siegel "spams" the Internet with
advertising green card lottery services; Net citizens flame

NSFNET traffic passes 10 trillion bytes/

Yes, it's true - you can now order pizza from the Hut

WWW edges out telnet to become 2nd most popular service on the
(behind ftp-data) based on % of packets and bytes
distribution on

Japanese Prime Minister on-

UK's HM Treasury on-

New Zealand's Info Tech Prime Minister on-

First Virtual, the first cyberbank, open up for

Radio stations start rockin' (rebroadcasting) round the clock
the Net: WXYC at Univ of NC, WJHK at Univ of KS-Lawrence, KUGS
Western WA

Trans-European Research and Education Network Association (TERENA
is formed by the merger of RARE and EARN, with representatives
38 countries as well as CERN and ECMWF. TERERNA's aim is

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"promote and participate in the development of a high
international information and telecommunications infrastructure
the benefit of research and education

CERT advisories: 15, reports: 2300

Countries connecting to NSFNET: Algeria (DZ), Armenia (AM),
(BM), Burkina Faso (BF), China (CN), Colombia (CO), Jamaica (JM),
Lebanon (LB), Lithuania (LT), Macau (MO), Morocco (MA),
Caledonia, Nicaragua (NI), Niger (NE), Panama (PA),
(PH), Senegal (SN), Sri Lanka (LK), Swaziland (SZ), Uruguay (UY),
Uzbekistan (UZ

1995
NSFNET reverts back to a research network. Main US backbone
now routed through interconnected network

The new NSFNET is born as NSF establishes the very high
Backbone Network Service (vBNS) linking super-computing centers
NCAR, NCSA, SDSC, CTC,

Hong Kong police disconnect all but 1 of the colony's
providers in search of a hacker. 10,000 people are left without
access. (:api:)

RealAudio, an audio streaming technology, lets the Net hear in
real-

Radio HK, the first 24 hr., Internet-only radio station

WWW surpasses ftp-data in March as the service with
traffic on NSFNet based on packet count, and in April based on

Traditional online dial-up systems (Compuserve, America Online
Prodigy) begin to provide Internet

A number of Net related companies go public, with Netscape
the pack with the 3rd largest ever NASDAQ IPO share value (9
August

Thousands in Minneapolis-St. Paul (USA) lose Net access
transients start a bonfire under a bridge at the Univ of MN
fiber-optic cables to melt (30 July

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Registration of domain names is no longer free. Beginning 14
September, a $50 annual fee has been imposed, which up until
was subsidized by NSF. NSF continues to pay for .edu registration
and on an interim basis for .

The Vatican comes on-

The Canadian Government comes on-

The first official Internet wiretap was successful in helping
Secret Service and Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) aprehend
individuals who were illegally manufacturing and selling cell
cloning equipment and electronic

Operation Home Front connects, for the first time, soldiers in
field with their families back home via the Internet

Richard White becomes the first person to be declared a munition
under the USA's arms export control laws, because of an RSA
security encryption program emblazoned on his arm (:wired496:)

CERT advisories: 18, reports: 2412

Country domains registered: Ethiopia (ET), Cote d'Ivoire (CI),
Islands (CK) Cayman Islands (KY), Anguilla (AI), Gibraltar (GI),
Vatican (VA), Kiribati (KI), Kyrgyzstan (KG), Madagascar (MG),
Mauritius (MU), Micronesia (FM), Monaco (MC), Mongolia (MN),
(NP), Nigeria (NG), Western Samoa (WS), San Marino (SM),
(TZ), Tonga (TO), Uganda (UG), Vanuatu (VU

Technologies of the Year: WWW, Search engines
Technologies: Mobile code (JAVA, JAVAscript), Virtual
(VRML), Collaborative

1996
Internet phones catch the attention of US
companies who ask the US Congress to ban the technology (which
been around for years

The controversial US Communications Decency Act (CDA) becomes
in the US in order to prohibit distribution of indecent
over the Net. A few months later a three-judge panel imposes
injunction against its enforcement. Supreme Court unanimously
most of it unconstitutional in 1997.

9,272 organizations find themselves unlisted after the
drops their name service as a result of not having paid
domain name

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Various ISPs suffer extended service outages, bringing
question whether they will be able to handle the growing number
users. AOL (19 hours), Netcom (13 hours), AT&T WorldNet (28 hours -
email only

New Yorks' Public Access Networks Corp (PANIX) is shut down
repeated SYN attacks by a cracker using methods outlined in
hacker magazine (2600)

Various US Government sites are hacked into and their
changed, including CIA, Department of Justice, Air

MCI upgrades Internet backbone adding ~13,000 ports, bringing
effective speed from 155Mbps to 622Mbps

The Internet Ad Hoc Committee announces plans to add 7 new
Top Level Domains (gTLD): .firm, .store, .web, .arts, .rec, .info
registrars worldwide

A malicious cancelbot is released on USENET wiping out more
25,000 messages

The WWW browser war, fought primarily between Netscape
Microsoft, has rushed in a new age in software development,
new releases are made quarterly with the help of Internet
eager to test upcoming (beta) versions

Restrictions on Internet use around the world
- China: requires users and ISPs to register with the
- Germany: cuts off access to some newsgroups carried

- Saudi Arabia: confines Internet access to universities

- Singapore: requires political and religious content
to register with the
- New Zealand: classifies computer disks as "publications"
can be censored and
- source: Human Rights

vBNS additions: Baylor College of Medicine, Georgia Tech,
State Univ, Ohio State Univ, Old Dominion Univ, Univ of CA, Univ
CO, Univ of Chicago, Univ of IL, Univ of MN, Univ of PA, Univ
TX, Rice

CERT advisories: 27, reports: 2573

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Country domains registered: Qatar (QA), Vientiane (LA),
(DJ), Niger (NE), Central African Republic (CF), Mauretania (MF),
Oman (OM), Norfolk Island (NF), Tuvalu (TV), French Polynesia (PF),
Syria (SY), Aruba (AW), Cambodia (KH), French Guiana (GF),
(ER), Cape Verde (CV), Burundi (BI), Benin (BJ) Bosnia-
(BA), Andorra (AD), Guadeloupe (GP), Guernsey (GG), Isle of
(IM), Jersey (JE), Lao (LA), Maldives (MV), Marshall Islands (MH),
Mauritania (MR), Northern Mariana Islands (MP), Rwanda (RW),
(TG), Yemen (YE), Zaire (ZR

Technologies of the Year: Search engines, JAVA, Internet
Emerging Technologies: Virtual environments (VRML),
tools, Internet appliance (Network Computer

1997
2000th RFC: "Internet Official Protocol Standards

71,618 mailing lists registered at Liszt, a mailing list

The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is established
handle administration and registration of IP numbers to
geographical areas currently handled by Network
(InterNIC), starting March 1998.

Early in the morning of 17 July, human error at Network
causes the DNS table for .com and .net domains to become corrupted
making millions of systems unreachable

Longest hostname registered with InterNIC
CHALLENGER.MED.SYNAPSE.UAH.UALBERTA.

101,803 Name Servers in whois

CERT advisories thus far: 23

Country domains registered: Falkland Islands (FK), East Timor (TP),
Congo (CG), Christmas Island (CX), Gambia (GM), Guinea-Bissau (GW),
Haiti (HT), Iraq (IQ), Lybia (LY), Malawi (MW), Martinique (MQ),
Montserrat (MS), Myanmar (MM), French Reunion Island (RE),
Seychelles (SC), Sierra Leone (SL), Sudan (SD), Turkmenistan (TM),
Turks and Caicos Islands (TC), British Virgin Islands (VG

Technologies of the Year: Push, Multicasting Emerging Technologies
Push, Streaming Media [:twc:]

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Internet growth

Date Hosts | Date Hosts Networks
----- --------- + ----- --------- -------- ---------
1969 4 | 07/89 130,000 650 3,900
04/71 23 | 10/89 159,000 837
06/74 62 | 10/90 313,000 2,063 9,300
03/77 111 | 01/91 376,000 2,338
08/81 213 | 07/91 535,000 3,086 16,000
05/82 235 | 10/91 617,000 3,556 18,000
08/83 562 | 01/92 727,000 4,526
10/84 1,024 | 04/92 890,000 5,291 20,000
10/85 1,961 | 07/92 992,000 6,569 16,300
02/86 2,308 | 10/92 1,136,000 7,505 18,100
11/86 5,089 | 01/93 1,313,000 8,258 21,000
12/87 28,174 | 04/93 1,486,000 9,722 22,000
07/88 33,000 | 07/93 1,776,000 13,767 26,000
10/88 56,000 | 10/93 2,056,000 16,533 28,000
01/89 80,000 | 01/94 2,217,000 20,539 30,000
| 07/94 3,212,000 25,210 46,000
| 10/94 3,864,000 37,022 56,000
| 01/95 4,852,000 39,410 71,000
| 07/95 6,642,000 61,538 120,000
| 01/96 9,472,000 93,671 240,000
| 07/96 12,881,000 134,365 488,000
| 01/97 16,146,000 828,000
| 07/97 19,540,000 1,301,000

Worldwide Networks Growth: (I)nternet (B)ITNET (U)UCP (F)IDONET (O)

____# Countries____ ____# Countries____
Date I B U F O Date I B U F
----- --- --- --- --- --- ----- --- --- --- --- ---
09/91 31 47 79 49 02/94 62 51 125 88 31
12/91 33 46 78 53 07/94 75 52 129 89 31
02/92 38 46 92 63 11/94 81 51 133 95 --
04/92 40 47 90 66 25 02/95 86 48 141 98 --
08/92 49 46 89 67 26 06/95 96 47 144 99 --
01/93 50 50 101 72 31 06/96 134 -- 146 108 --
04/93 56 51 107 79 31 07/97 171 -- 147 108 --
08/93 59 51 117 84 31

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WWW Growth

Date Sites | Date Sites | Date
----- ---------- + ----- ---------- + ----- ----------
06/93 130 | 08/96 342,081 | 04/97 1,002,612
12/93 623 | 09/96 397,281 | 05/97 1,044,163
06/94 2,738 | 10/96 462,047 | 06/97 1,117,255
12/94 10,022 | 11/96 525,906 | 07/97 1,203,096
06/95 23,500 | 12/96 603,367 | 08/97 1,269,800
01/96 100,000 | 01/97 646,162 | 09/97 1,364,714
06/96 252,000 | 02/97 739,688 |
07/96 299,403 | 03/97 883,149 |

USENET Growth

Date Sites ~MB ~Posts Groups | Date Sites ~MB ~Posts
---- ----- --- ------ ------ + ---- ------- --- ------ ------
1979 3 2 3 | 1987 5,200 2 957 259
1980 15 10 | 1988 7,800 4 1933 381
1981 150 0.05 20 | 1990 33,000 10 4,500 1,300
1982 400 35 | 1991 40,000 25 10,000 1,851
1983 600 120 | 1992 63,000 42 17,556 4,302
1984 900 225 | 1993 110,000 70 32,325 8,279
1985 1,300 1.0 375 | 1994 180,000 157 72,755 10,696
1986 2,200 2.0 946 241 | 1995 330,000 586 131,614

~ approximate: MB - megabytes per day, Posts - articles per

---------------------------------------------------------------------

3.

Hobbes' Internet Timeline was compiled from a number of sources
with some of the stand-outs being

Cerf, Vinton (as told to Bernard Aboba). "How the Internet Came
Be." This article appears in "The Online User's Encyclopedia,"
Bernard Aboba. Addison-Wesley, 1993.

Hardy, Henry. "The History of the Net." Master's Thesis, School
Communications, Grand Valley State University
http://www.ocean.ic.net/ftp/doc/nethist.

Hardy, Ian. "The Evolution of ARPANET email." History Thesis,
Berkeley
http://server.berkeley.edu/virtual-berkeley/email_

Zakon Informational [Page 18]

RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997

Hauben, Ronda and Michael. "The Netizens and the Wonderful World
the Net."
http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/netbook

Kulikowski, Stan II. "A Timeline of Network History." (author'
email below

Quarterman, John. "The Matrix: Computer Networks and
Systems Worldwide." Bedford, MA: Digital Press. 1990

"ARPANET, the Defense Data Network, and Internet". Encyclopedia
Communications, Volume 1. Editors: Fritz Froehlich, Allen Kent
New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1991

Internet growth summary compiled from
- zone program reports maintained by Mark Lottor at
ftp://ftp.nw.com/pub/zone
- connectivity table maintained by Larry Landweber at
ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/connectivity_table

WWW growth summary compiled from
- Web growth summary page by Matthew Gray of MIT
http://www.mit.edu/people/mkgray/net/web-growth-summary.
- Netcraft at http://www.netcraft.com/survey

USENET growth summary compiled from Quarterman and Hauben
above, and news.lists postings. Lots of historical USENET
also provided by Tom Fitzgerald (fitz@wang.com).

Related Timelines
- DNS: http://www.wia.org/dns-law/pub/timeline.html
- JAVA: http://java.sun.com/events/jibe/timeline.
- BBN: http://www.bbn.com/timeline

Additional books of interest
- "Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet
Katie Hafner & Matthew
- "Architects of the Web: 1,000 Days That Built the Future
Business", Robert H.
- "Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and
Internet", Michael Hauben et

Zakon Informational [Page 19]

RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997

4.

Contributors to Hobbes' Internet Timeline have their initials
to the contributed items in the form (:zzz:) and are

ad1 - Arnaud Dufour (arnaud.dufour@hec.unil.ch
amk - Alex McKenzie (mckenzie@bbn.com
dk1 - Daniel Karrenberg (Daniel.Karrenberg@ripe.net
ec1 - Eric Carroll (eric@enfm.utcc.utoronto.ca
esr - Eric S. Raymond (esr@locke.ccil.org
feg - Farrell E. Gerbode (farrell@is.rice.edu
gck - Gary C. Kessler (kumquat@hill.com
glg - Gail L. Grant (grant@glgc.com
gmc - Grant McCall (g.mccall@unsw.edu.au
gst - Graham Thomas (G.S.Thomas@uel.ac.uk
irh - Ian R Hardy (hardy@uclink2.berkeley.edu
jap - Jean Armour Polly (mom@netmom.com
jg1 - Jim Gaynor (gaynor@agvax.ag.ohio.state.edu
kf1 - Ken Fockler (fockler@hq.canet.ca
lhl - Larry H. Landweber (lhl@cs.wisc.edu
mpc - Mellisa P. Chase (pc@mitre.org
pb1 - Paul Burchard (burchard@cs.princeton.edu
pds - Peter da Silva (peter@baileynm.com
ph1 - Peter Hoffman (hoffman@ece.nps.navy.mil
rab - Roger A. Bielefeld (rab@hal.cwru.edu
sc1 - Susan Calcari (susanc@is.internic.net
sk2 - Stan Kulikowski (stankuli@uwf.bitnet) - see sources
sw1 - Stephen Wolff (swolff@cisco.com
tp1 - Tim Pozar (pozar@kumr.lns.com
twc - Thomas W. Creedon - K'o Wei Li (tcreedon@mitre.org
vgc - Vinton Cerf (vcerf@isoc.org) - see sources
wz1 - W. Zorn (zorn@ira.uka.de
zby - Zenel Batagelj (zenel.batagelj@uni-lj.si

5. Security

Security issues are not discussed in this document,
references are made to security events which have taken place

Zakon Informational [Page 20]

RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997

6. Author's

Robert H.
Internet
The MITRE
1820 Dolley Madison
McLean, Virginia, USA 22102

Phone: (703) 883-7790
EMail: zakon@info.isoc.

7.

The views expressed in this document are the author's and are
intended to represent in any way The MITRE Corporation or
opinions on this subject matter

Zakon Informational [Page 21]

RFC 2235 Hobbes' Internet Timeline November 1997

8. Full Copyright

Copyright (C) Robert H. Zakon and The Internet Society (1997).
All Rights Reserved

This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain
or assist in its implmentation may be prepared, copied, published
distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind
provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph
included on all such copies and derivative works. However,
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose
developing Internet standards in which case the procedures
copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must
followed, or as required to translate it into languages other
English

The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns

This document and the information contained herein is provided on
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE

Zakon Informational [Page 22]

if you see any problems within the linking, don't worry be happy,
this is version 0.1 of the Relevance System and you gotta expect some crappy subroutines sometimes,
just be content we did not write this in Java, which would have made this "bigger and better" HAHAHHA.

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