RFC relevance of available

As per Relevance of the word available, we have this rfc below:

Network Working Group G.
Request for Comments: 2151 S.
FYI: 30 Hill Associates, Inc
Obsoletes: RFC 1739 June 1997
Category:

A Primer On Internet and TCP/IP Tools and

Status of this

This memo provides information for the Internet community. This
does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution
this memo is unlimited

This memo is an introductory guide to many of the most commonly
available TCP/IP and Internet tools and utilities. It also
discussion lists accessible from the Internet, ways to
Internet and TCP/IP documents, and some resources that help
weave their way through the Internet

Table of

1. Introduction................................................... 2
2. Nomenclature................................................... 2
3. Finding Information About Internet Hosts and Domains........... 3
3.1. NSLOOKUP.................................................. 3
3.2. Ping...................................................... 6
3.3. Finger.................................................... 8
3.4. Traceroute................................................ 9
4. The Two Fundamental Tools...................................... 12
4.1. TELNET.................................................... 12
4.2. FTP....................................................... 15
5. User Database Lookup Tools..................................... 19
5.1. WHOIS/NICNAME............................................. 19
5.2. KNOWBOT................................................... 23
6. Information Servers............................................ 24
6.1. Archie.................................................... 24
6.2. Gopher.................................................... 28
6.3. VERONICA, JUGHEAD, and WAIS............................... 30
7. The World Wide Web............................................. 31
7.1. Uniform Resource Locators................................. 34
7.2. User Directories on the Web............................... 35
7.3. Other Service Accessible Via the Web...................... 36
8. Discussion Lists and Newsgroups................................ 37
8.1. Internet Discussion Lists................................. 37

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RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

8.2. LISTSERV.................................................. 38
8.3. Majordomo................................................. 38
8.4. Usenet.................................................... 39
8.5 Finding Discussion Lists and Newsgroups.................... 40
9. Internet Documentation......................................... 41
9.1. Request for Comments (RFCs)............................... 41
9.2. Internet Standards........................................ 44
9.3. For Your Information Documents............................ 45
9.4. Best Current Practices.................................... 45
9.5. RARE Technical Reports.................................... 46
10. Perusing the Internet......................................... 46
11. Acronyms and Abbreviations.................................... 48
12. Security Considerations....................................... 49
13. Acknowledgments............................................... 49
14. References.................................................... 49
15. Authors' Address.............................................. 51

1.

This memo is an introductory guide to some of the most commonly
available TCP/IP and Internet tools and utilities that allow users
access the wide variety of information on the network,
determining if a particular host is up to viewing a multimedia
on foreign policy. It also describes discussion lists accessible
the Internet, ways to obtain Internet and TCP/IP documents, and
resources that help users weave their way through the Internet.
memo may be used as a tutorial for individual self-learning, a step
by-step laboratory manual for a course, or as the basis for a site'
users manual. It is intended as a basic guide only and will refer
other sources for more detailed information

2.

The following sections provide descriptions and detailed examples
several TCP/IP utilities and applications, including the
of actual sessions using these utilities (with some
information removed). Each section describes a single TCP/IP-
tool, it's application, and, in some cases, how it works. The
description is usually followed by an actual sample session

The sample dialogues shown below were obtained from a variety
software and hardware systems, including AIX running on an
RS/6000, Linux on an Intel 486, Multinet TCP/IP over VMS on a VAX
and FTP Software's OnNet (formerly PC/TCP) running on a DOS/
PC. While the examples below can be used as a guide to using
learning about the capabilities of TCP/IP tools, the reader
understand that not all of these utilities may be found at all TCP/
hosts nor in all commercial software packages. Furthermore, the

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interface for different packages will be different and the
command line may appear differently than shown here; this will
particularly true for graphical user interfaces running over Windows
X-Windows, OS/2, or Macintosh systems. Windows-based sessions are
shown in this RFC because of the desire to have a text version
this document; in addition, most GUI-based TCP/IP packages
some of the detail that is essential for understanding what is
happening when you click on a button or drag a file. The Internet
many exciting things to offer but standardized interfaces to
protocols is not yet one of them! This guide will not provide
detail or motivation about the Internet Protocol Suite;
information about the TCP/IP protocols and related issues may
found in RFC 1180 [29], Comer [6], Feit [7], Kessler [14],
Stevens [30].

In the descriptions below, commands are shown in a Courier
(Postscript and HTML versions); items appearing in square
([]) are optional, the vertical-bar (|) means "or,"
appearing with no brackets or within curly brackets ({})
mandatory, and parameter names that need to be replaced with
specific value will be shown in italics (Postscript and
versions) or within angle brackets (<>, text version). In the
dialogues, user input is in bold (Postscript and HTML versions)
denoted with asterisks (**) in the margin (text version).

3. Finding Information About Internet Hosts and

There are several tools that let you learn information about
hosts and domains. These tools provide the ability for an
or a user to perform host name/address reconciliation (NSLOOKUP),
determine whether another host is up and available (PING),
about another host's users (Finger), and learn the route that
will take to another host (Traceroute).

3.1.

NSLOOKUP is the name server lookup program that comes with
TCP/IP software packages. A user can use NSLOOKUP to examine
in the Domain Name System (DNS) database that pertain to a
host or domain; one common use is to determine a host system's
address from its name or the host's name from its IP address.
general form of the command to make a single query is

nslookup [IP_address|host_name

If the program is started without any parameters, the user will
prompted for input; the user can enter either an IP address or
name at that time, and the program will respond with the name

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address of the default name sever, the name server actually used
resolve each request, and the IP address and host name that
queried. Exit is used to quit the NSLOOKUP application

Three simple queries are shown in the example below

1 Requests the address of the host named www.hill.com, the
Wide Web server at Hill Associates. As it turns out, this is
the true name of the host, but an alias. The full name of the
and the IP address are listed by NSLOOKUP

2 Requests the address of host syrup.hill.com, which is the
host as in the first query. Note that NSLOOKUP provides a "non
authoritative" answer. Since NSLOOKUP just queried this
address, the information is still in its cache memory. Rather
send additional messages to the name server, the answer is
that it remembers from before; the server didn't look up
information again, however, so it is not guaranteed to still
accurate (because the information might have changed within
last few milliseconds!).

3 Requests the name of the host with the given IP address.
result points to the Internet gateway to Australia, munnari.oz.au

One additional query is shown in the dialogue below.
examines information that is stored by the DNS. The default
queries examine basic address records (called "A records")
reconcile the host name and IP address, although other information
also available. In the final query below, for example, the user
to know where electronic mail addressed to the hill.com
actually gets delivered, since hill.com is not the true name of
actual host. This is accomplished by changing the query type to
for mail exchange (MX) records by issuing a set type command (
must be in lower case). The query shows that mail addressed
hill.com is actually sent to a mail server called mail.hill.com.
that system is not available, mail delivery will be attempted
first mailme.hill.com and then to netcomsv.netcom.com; the order
these attempts is controlled by the "preference" value. This
also returns the name of the domain's name servers and all
IP addresses

The DNS is beyond the scope of this introduction, although
information about the concepts and structure of the DNS can be
in STD 13/RFC 1034 [19], RFC 1591 [21], and Kessler [16]. The
command can be issued at the program prompt for information
NSLOOKUP's more advanced commands

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RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

TECHNICAL NOTE: There are other tools that might be available on
system or with your software for examining the DNS. Alternatives
NSLOOKUP include HOST and DIG

====================================================================
**SMCVAX$

Default Server: ns1.ner.bbnplanet.
Address: 192.52.71.5

**> www.hill.
Name: syrup.hill.
Address: 199.182.20.3
Aliases: www.hill.

**> syrup.hill.
Non-authoritative answer
Name: syrup.hill.
Address: 199.182.20.3

**> 128.250.1.21
Name: munnari.OZ.
Address: 128.250.1.21

**> set type=
**> hill.
hill.com preference = 20, mail exchanger = mail.hill.
hill.com preference = 40, mail exchanger = mailme.hill.
hill.com preference = 60, mail exchanger = netcomsv.netcom.
hill.com nameserver = nameme.hill.
hill.com nameserver = ns1.noc.netcom.
hill.com nameserver = ns.netcom.
mail.hill.com internet address = 199.182.20.4
mailme.hill.com internet address = 199.182.20.3
netcomsv.netcom.com internet address = 192.100.81.101
ns1.noc.netcom.net internet address = 204.31.1.1
ns.netcom.com internet address = 192.100.81.105

**>
SMCVAX
====================================================================

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RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

3.2.

Ping, reportedly an acronym for the Packet Internetwork Groper,
one of the most widely available tools bundled with TCP/IP
packages. Ping uses a series of Internet Control Message
(ICMP) [22] Echo messages to determine if a remote host is active
inactive, and to determine the round-trip delay in communicating
it

A common form of the Ping command, showing some of the more
available options that are of use to general users, is

ping [-q] [-v] [-R] [-c Count] [-i Wait] [-s PacketSize]

where

-q Quiet output; nothing is displayed except
lines at startup and

-v Verbose output, which lists ICMP packets that
received in addition to Echo

-R Record route option; includes the RECORD_
option in the Echo Request packet and displays the route
on returned

-c Count Specifies the number of Echo Requests to be
before concluding test (default is to run until
with a control-C

-i Wait Indicates the number of seconds to wait
sending each packet (default = 1)

-s PacketSize Specifies the number of data bytes to be sent
the total ICMP packet size will be PacketSize+8 bytes due
the ICMP header (default = 56, or a 64 byte packet

Host IP address or host name of target

In the first example below, the user pings the
thumper.bellcore.com, requesting that 6 (-c) messages be sent,
containing 64 bytes (-s) of user data. The display shows the round
trip delay of each Echo message returned to the sending host; at
end of the test, summary statistics are displayed

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RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

In the second example, the user pings the host smcvax.smcvt.edu
requesting that 10 messages be sent in quite mode (-q). In this case
a summary is printed at the conclusion of the test and
responses are not listed

TECHNICAL NOTE: Older versions of the Ping command, which are
available on some systems, had the following general format

ping [-s] {IP_address|host_name} [PacketSize] [Count

In this form, the optional "-s" string tells the system
continually send an ICMP Echo message every second; the
PacketSize parameter specifies the number of bytes in the
message (the message will contain PacketSize-8 bytes of data;
default is 56 bytes of data and a 64 byte message); and the
Count parameter indicates the number of Echo messages to send
concluding the test (the default is to run the test
until interrupted).

====================================================================
**syrup:/home$ ping -c 6 -s 64 thumper.bellcore.
PING thumper.bellcore.com (128.96.41.1): 64 data
72 bytes from 128.96.41.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=240 time=641.8
72 bytes from 128.96.41.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=240 time=1072.7
72 bytes from 128.96.41.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=240 time=1447.4
72 bytes from 128.96.41.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=240 time=758.5
72 bytes from 128.96.41.1: icmp_seq=5 ttl=240 time=482.1

--- thumper.bellcore.com ping statistics ---
6 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 16% packet
round-trip min/avg/max = 482.1/880.5/1447.4

**syrup:/home$ ping -q -c 10 smcvax.smcvt.
PING smcvax.smcvt.edu (192.80.64.1): 56 data

--- smcvax.smcvt.edu ping statistics ---

10 packets transmitted, 8 packets received, 20% packet
round-trip min/avg/max = 217.8/246.4/301.5
====================================================================

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RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

3.3.

The Finger program may be used to find out who is logged in
another system or to find out detailed information about a
user. This command has also introduced a brand new verb;
someone on the Internet is not necessarily a rude thing to do!
Finger User Information Protocol is described in RFC 1288 [32].
most general format of the Finger command is

finger [username]@host_

The first example below shows the result of fingering an
user at a remote system. The first line of the response shows
username, the user's real name, their process identifier
application, and terminal port number. Additional information may
supplied at the option of the user in "plan" and/or "project"
that they supply; these files are often named PLAN.TXT
PROJECT.TXT, respectively, and reside in a user's root directory (
somewhere in an appropriate search path).

The second example shows the result of fingering a remote system
This lists all of the processes currently running at the
system or other information, depending upon how the remote system'
administrator set up the system to respond to the Finger command

====================================================================
**C:> finger kumquat@smcvax.smcvt.
[smcvax.smcvt.edu
KUMQUAT Gary Kessler KUMQUAT not logged
Last login Fri 16-Sep-1996 3:47PM-

Plan

===================================================================
Gary C.
Adjunct Faculty Member, Graduate

INTERNET: kumquat@smcvt.

===================================================================

**C:> finger @smcvax.smcvt.
[smcvax.smcvt.edu
Tuesday, September 17, 1996 10:12AM-EDT Up 30 09:40:18
5+1 Jobs on SMCVAX Load ave 0.16 0.19 0.21

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User Personal Name Subsys Terminal Console
GOODWIN Dave Goodwin LYNX 6.NTY2 waldo.smcvt.
JAT John Tronoan TELNET 1.TXA
HELPDESK System Manager EDT 2:08.NTY4 [199.93.35.182]
SMITH Lorraine Smith PINE .NTY3 [199.93.34.139]
SYSTEM System Manager MAIL 23.OPA0 The VAX
*DCL* SMCVX1$OPA0 The VAX
====================================================================

3.4.

Traceroute is another common TCP/IP tool, this one allowing users
learn about the route that packets take from their local host to
remote host. Although used often by network and system managers as
simple, yet powerful, debugging tool, traceroute can be used by
users to learn something about the ever-changing structure of
Internet

The classic Traceroute command has the following general
(where "#" represents a positive integer value associated with
qualifier):

traceroute [-m #] [-q #] [-w #] [-p #] {IP_address|host_name

-m is the maximum allowable TTL value, measured
the number of hops allowed before the program
(default = 30)
-q is the number of UDP packets that will be sent
each time-to-live setting (default = 3)
-w is the amount of time, in seconds, to wait
an answer from a particular router before giving
(default= 5)
-p is the invalid port address at the remote
(default = 33434)

The Traceroute example below shows the route between a host at St
Michael's College (domain smcvt.edu) and a host at Hill
(www.hill.com), both located in Colchester, VT but served
different Internet service providers (ISP).

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RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

1 St. Michael's College is connected to the Internet via
Planet; since the mid-1980s, BBN operated the NSF's regional ISP
called the New England Academic and Research Network (NEARNET),
which was renamed in 1994. The first hop, then, goes to St. Mike'
BBN Planet gateway router (smc.bbnplanet.net). The next hop
to another BBN Planet router (denoted here only by IP
since a name was not assigned to the device), until the
reaches the BBN Planet T3 backbone

2 The packet takes two hops through routers at BBN Planet'
Cambridge (MA) facility and is then forwarded to BBN Planet in
York City, where the packet takes four more hops. The packet
then forwarded to BBN Planet in College Park (MD).

3 The packet is sent to BBN Planet's router at MAE-East,
Datanet's Network Access Point (NAP) in Washington, D.C.
stands for Metropolitan Area Exchange, and is a Fiber
Data Interface (FDDI) ring interconnecting routers
subscribing ISPs. The packet is then forwarded to NETCOM,
Associates' ISP

4 The packet now travels through NETCOM's T3 backbone,
links from Washington, D.C. to Chicago to Santa Clara (CA), to
Jose (CA).

5 The packet is now sent to Hill Associates router (again,
system designated only by an IP address since the NETCOM side
the router was not named) and then passed to the target system
Note that the host's real name is not www.hill.com,
syrup.hill.com

TECHNICAL NOTE: The original version of Traceroute works by sending
sequence of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) datagrams to an invalid
address at the remote host. Using the default settings,
datagrams are sent, each with a Time-To-Live (TTL) field value set
one. The TTL value of 1 causes the datagram to "timeout" as soon
it hits the first router in the path; this router will then
with an ICMP Time Exceeded Message (TEM) indicating that the
has expired. Another three UDP messages are now sent, each with
TTL value set to 2, which causes the second router to return

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RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

TEMs. This process continues until the packets actually reach
other destination. Since these datagrams are trying to access
invalid port at the destination host, ICMP Destination
Messages are returned indicating an unreachable port; this
signals the Traceroute program that it is finished! The
program displays the round-trip delay associated with each of
attempts. (Note that some current implementations of Traceroute
the Record-Route option in IP rather than the method
above.)

As an aside, Traceroute did not begin life as a general-
utility, but as a quick-and-dirty debugging aid used to find
routing problem. The code (complete with comments!) is available
anonymous FTP in the file traceroute.tar.Z from the
ftp.ee.lbl.gov. (See Section 4.2 for a discussion of anonymous FTP.)

====================================================================
**SMCVAX$ traceroute www.hill.
traceroute to syrup.hill.com (199.182.20.3), 30 hops max, 38

1 smc.bbnplanet.net (192.80.64.5) 10 ms 0 ms 0
2 131.192.48.105 (131.192.48.105) 0 ms 10 ms 10
3 cambridge1-cr4.bbnplanet.net (199.94.204.77) 40 ms 40 ms 50
4 cambridge1-br1.bbnplanet.net (4.0.1.205) 30 ms 50 ms 50
5 nyc1-br2.bbnplanet.net (4.0.1.121) 60 ms 60 ms 40
6 nyc2-br2.bbnplanet.net (4.0.1.154) 60 ms 50 ms 60
7 nyc2-br2.bbnplanet.net (4.0.1.154) 60 ms 40 ms 50
8 nyc2-br1.bbnplanet.net (4.0.1.54) 70 ms 60 ms 30
9 collegepk-br2.bbnplanet.net (4.0.1.21) 50 ms 50 ms 40
10 maeeast.bbnplanet.net (4.0.1.18) 200 ms 170 ms 210
11 fddi.mae-east.netcom.net (192.41.177.210) 60 ms 50 ms 70
12 t3-2.was-dc-gw1.netcom.net (163.179.220.181) 70 ms 60 ms 50
13 t3-2.chw-il-gw1.netcom.net (163.179.220.186) 70 ms 80 ms 80
14 t3-2.scl-ca-gw1.netcom.net (163.179.220.190) 140 ms 110 ms 160

15 t3-1.sjx-ca-gw1.netcom.net (163.179.220.193) 120 ms 130 ms 120

16 198.211.141.8 (198.211.141.8) 220 ms 260 ms 240
17 syrup.hill.com (199.182.20.3) 220 ms 240 ms 219
SMCVAX
====================================================================

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4. The Two Fundamental

The two most basic tools for Internet applications are TELNET and
File Transfer Protocol (FTP). TELNET allows a user to login to
remote host over a TCP/IP network, while FTP, as the name implies
allows a user to move files between two TCP/IP hosts. These
utilities date back to the very early days of the ARPANET

4.1.

TELNET [27] is TCP/IP's virtual terminal protocol. Using TELNET,
user connected to one host can login to another host, appearing
a directly-attached terminal at the remote system; this is TCP/IP'
definition of a virtual terminal. The general form of the
command is

telnet [IP_address|host_name] [port

As shown, a TELNET connection is initiated when the user enters
telnet command and supplies either a host_name or IP_address;
neither are given, TELNET will ask for one once the
begins

In the example below, a user of a PC uses TELNET to attach to
remote host smcvax.smcvt.edu. Once logged in via TELNET, the user
do anything on the remote host that would be possible if
via a directly-attached terminal or via modem. The commands that
subsequently used are those available on the remote system to
the user is attached. In the sample dialogue below, the user
to SMCVAX will use basic VAX/VMS commands

o The dir command lists the files having a "COM" file extension
o The mail command enters the VMS MAIL subsystem; the dir
here lists waiting mail
o Ping checks the status of another host

When finished, the logout command logs the user off the remote host
TELNET automatically closes the connection to the remote host
returns control to the local system

It is important to note that TELNET is a very powerful tool, one
may provide users with access to many Internet utilities and
that might not be otherwise available. Many of these features
accessed by specifying a port number with the TELNET command,
addition to a host's address, and knowledge of port numbers
another mechanism for users to access information with TELNET

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RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

This guide discusses several TCP/IP and Internet utilities that
local client software, such as Finger, Whois, Archie, and Gopher.
what if your software does not include a needed client? In some cases
TELNET may be used to access a remote client and provide the
functionality

This is done by specifying a port number with the TELNET command.
as TCP/IP hosts have a unique IP address, applications on the host
associated with an address, called a port. Finger (see Section 3.3
above), for example, is associated with the well-known port number 79.
In the absence of a Finger client, TELNETing to port 79 at a remote
may provide the same information. You can finger another host
TELNET by using a command like

telnet host_name 79

Other well-known TCP port numbers include 25 (Simple Mail
Protocol), 43 (whois), 80 (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), and 119
(Network News Transfer Protocol).

Some services are available on the Internet using TELNET and
port numbers. A geographical information database, for example,
be accessed by TELNETing to port 3000 at host martini.eecs.umich.
and current weather information is available at port 3000 at
downwind.sprl.umich.edu

====================================================================
**C:> telnet smcvax.smcvt.
FTP Software PC/TCP tn 3.10 01/24/95 02:40
Copyright (c) 1986-1995 by FTP Software, Inc. All rights

- Connected to St. Michael's College -

**Username:
**Password

St. Michael's College VAX/VMS System
Node SMCVAX

Last interactive login on Monday, 16-SEP-1996 15:47
Last non-interactive login on Wednesday, 6-MAR-1996 08:19

You have 1 new Mail message

Good Afternoon User KUMQUAT. Logged in on 17-SEP-1996 at 1:10 PM

User [GUEST,KUMQUAT] has 3225 blocks used, 6775 available
of 10000 authorized and permitted overdraft of 100 blocks on $1$DIA

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RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

To see a complete list of news items, type: NEWS
To read a particular item, type NEWS followed
the name of the item you wish to read

**SMCVAX$ dir *.
Directory $1$DIA2:[GUEST.KUMQUAT
BACKUP.COM;24 24 16-JUL-1990 16:22:46.68 (RWED,RWED,RE,)
DELTREE.COM;17 3 16-JUL-1990 16:22:47.58 (RWED,RWED,RE,)
EXPANDZ.COM;7 2 22-FEB-1993 10:00:04.35 (RWED,RWED,RE,)
FTSLOGBLD.COM;3 1 16-JUL-1990 16:22:48.57 (RWED,RWED,RE,)
FTSRRR.COM;2 1 16-JUL-1990 16:22:48.73 (RWED,RWED,RE,)
LOGIN.COM;116 5 1-DEC-1993 09:33:21.61 (RWED,RWED,RE,)
SNOOPY.COM;6 1 16-JUL-1990 16:22:52.06 (RWED,RWED,RE,)
SYLOGIN.COM;83 8 16-JUL-1990 16:22:52.88 (RWED,RWED,RE,RE
SYSTARTUP.COM;88 15 16-JUL-1990 16:22:53.21 (RWED,RWED,RE,)
WATCH_MAIL.COM;1 173 10-MAY-1994 09:59:52.65 (RWED,RWED,RE,)
Total of 10 files, 233 blocks

**SMCVAX$
You have 1 new message
**MAIL>

# From Date
1 IN%"ibug@plainfield. 15-SEP-1996 ANNOUNCE: Burlington WWW
**MAIL>

**SMCVAX$ ping kestrel.hill.com /n=5
PING HILL.COM (199.182.20.24): 56 data
64 bytes from 199.182.20.24: icmp_seq=0 time=290
64 bytes from 199.182.20.24: icmp_seq=1 time=260
64 bytes from 199.182.20.24: icmp_seq=2 time=260
64 bytes from 199.182.20.24: icmp_seq=3 time=260
64 bytes from 199.182.20.24: icmp_seq=4 time=260

----KESTREL.HILL.COM PING Statistics----
5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0% packet
round-trip (ms) min/avg/max = 260/266/290

**SMCVAX$
KUMQUAT logged out at 17-SEP-1996 13:17:04.29

Connection #0
C:>
====================================================================

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RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

4.2.

FTP [26] is one of the most useful and powerful TCP/IP utilities
the general user. FTP allows users to upload and download
between local and remote hosts. Anonymous FTP, in particular,
commonly available at file archive sites to allow users to
files without having to pre-establish an account at the remote host
TELNET might, in fact, be used for this purpose but TELNET gives
user complete access to the remote system; FTP limits the user
file transfer activities

The general form of the FTP command is

ftp [IP_address|host_name

An FTP session can be initiated in several ways. In the example
below, an FTP control connection is initiated to a host (the
Data Network's Network Information Center) by supplying a host
with the FTP command; optionally, the host's IP address in
decimal (numeric) form could be used. If neither host name nor
address are supplied in the command line, a connection to a host
be initiated by typing open host_name or open IP_address once the
application has been started

The remote host will ask for a username and password. If a bona
registered user of this host supplies a valid username and password
then the user will have access to any files and directories to
this username has privilege. For anonymous FTP access, the
anonymous is used. Historically, the password for the anonymous
(not shown in actual use) has been guest, although most systems
ask for the user's Internet e-mail address (and several sites
to verify that packets are coming from that address before
the user to login).

The "help ?" command may be used to obtain a list of FTP commands
help topics available with your software; although not always shown
nearly all TCP/IP applications have a help command. An example of
help for FTP's type command is shown in the sample dialogue.
command is very important one, by the way; if transferring a
or executable file, be sure to set the type to image (or binary
some systems).

The dir command provides a directory listing of the files in
current directory at the remote host; the UNIX ls command may
usually be used. Note that an FTP data transfer connection
established for the transfer of the directory information to
local host. The output from the dir command will show a file
that is consistent with the native operating system of the

Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 15]

RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

host. Although the TCP/IP suite is often associated with UNIX, it
(and does) run with nearly all common operating systems.
directory information shown in the sample dialogue happens to be
UNIX format and includes the following information

o File attributes. The first character identifies the type of
entry as a directory (d), link or symbolic name (l), or
file (-). The next nine characters are the file access
list; the first three characters are for the owner, the next
for the owner's group, and the last three for all other users
Three access privileges may be assigned to each file for each
these roups: read (r), write (w), and execute (x).
o Number of entries, or hard links, in this structure. This
will be a "1" if the entry refers to a file or link, or will
the number of files in the listed directory
o File
o File owner's group
o File size, in bytes
o Date and time of last modification. If the date is followed by
timestamp, then the date is from the current year
o File name

After the directory information has been transferred, FTP closes
data transfer connection

The command cd is used to change to another working directory,
this case the rfc directory (note that file and directory names
be case-sensitive). As in DOS, "cd .." will change to the parent
the current directory. The CWD command successful is the
indication that the user's cd command was correctly executed;
show-directory (may be truncated to fewer characters, as shown
command, if available, may be used to see which working directory
are in

Another dir command is used to find all files with the
rfc173*.txt; note the use of the * wildcard character. We can
copy (download) the file of choice (RFC 1739 is the previous
of this primer) by using the get (or receive) command, which has
following general format

get remote_file_name local_file_

FTP opens another data transfer connection for this file
purpose; note that the effective data transfer rate is 93.664 kbps

FTP's put (or send) command allows uploading from the local host
the remote. Put is often not available when using anonymous FTP

Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 16]

RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

Finally, we terminate the FTP connection by using the close command
The user can initiate another FTP connection using the open
or can leave FTP by issuing a quit command. Quit can also be used
close a connection and terminate a session

TECHNICAL NOTE: It is important to note that different FTP
have different commands available and even those with similar
may act differently. In the example shown here (using MultiNet
VMS), the show command will display the current working directory;
FTP Software's OnNet, show will display a file from the remote
at the local host. Some packages have nothing equivalent to either
these commands

====================================================================
**SMCVAX$ ftp nic.ddn.
SMCVAX.SMCVT.EDU MultiNet FTP user process 3.4(111)
Connection opened (Assuming 8-bit connections
<*****Welcome to the DOD Network Information Center*****
< *****Login with username "anonymous" and password "guest
**Username:
password
**Password: guest <--- Not

**NIC.DDN.MIL> help

Set the transfer type to type

TYPE

Additional information available
Parameters Example

**TYPE Subtopic?

Specify a value of ASCII, BACKUP, BINARY, IMAGE or LOGICAL
BYTE

Use TYPE ASCII (the default) for transferring text files

Use TYPE BACKUP to set the transfer type to IMAGE and write
local file with 2048-byte fixed length records. Use
command to transfer VAX/VMS BACKUP save sets

Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 17]

RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

Use TYPE BINARY to transfer binary files (same as TYPE IMAGE).

Use TYPE IMAGE to transfer binary files (for example, .EXE).

Use TYPE LOGICAL-BYTE to transfer binary files to or from
TOPS-20 machine

**TYPE Subtopic
**Topic

**NIC.DDN.MIL>
connection for /bin/ls
total 58
drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 512 Sep 16 23:00
drwxr-xr-x 2 root 1 512 Mar 19 1996
drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 1536 Jul 15 23:00 ddn-
drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 512 Mar 19 1996
drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 512 Mar 25 14:25
drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 10 512 Mar 19 1996 disn_
drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 512 Sep 17 07:01
drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 512 Mar 19 1996
lrwxrwxrwx 1 nic 1 3 Mar 19 1996 fyi ->
drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 10 1024 Sep 16 23:00
drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 512 Mar 19 1996
drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 512 Mar 19 1996 lost+
lrwxrwxrwx 1 nic 1 8 Mar 19 1996 mgt -> ddn-
drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 1024 Sep 13 12:11
drwxr-xr-x 4 nic 1 512 May 3 23:00
drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 1024 Mar 19 1996
drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 512 Mar 19 1996
drwxr-xr-x 3 140 10 512 Aug 27 21:03
drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 29696 Sep 16 23:00
drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 5632 Sep 9 23:00
drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 1536 Sep 16 23:00
drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 1024 Sep 16 23:00
drwxr-xr-x 3 nic 1 512 Mar 19 1996
<Transfer complete

1437 bytes transferred at 33811 bps
Run time = 20. ms, Elapsed time = 340. ms

**NIC.DDN.MIL> cd
successful

**NIC.DDN.MIL>
<"/rfc" is current directory

**NIC.DDN.MIL> dir rfc173*.

Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 18]

RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

connection for /bin/ls
-rw-r--r-- 1 nic 10 156660 Dec 20 1994 rfc1730.
-rw-r--r-- 1 nic 10 11433 Dec 20 1994 rfc1731.
-rw-r--r-- 1 nic 10 9276 Dec 20 1994 rfc1732.
-rw-r--r-- 1 nic 10 6205 Dec 20 1994 rfc1733.
-rw-r--r-- 1 nic 10 8499 Dec 20 1994 rfc1734.
-rw-r--r-- 1 nic 10 24485 Sep 15 1995 rfc1735.
-rw-r--r-- 1 nic 10 22415 Feb 8 1995 rfc1736.
-rw-r--r-- 1 nic 10 16337 Dec 15 1994 rfc1737.
-rw-r--r-- 1 nic 10 51348 Dec 15 1994 rfc1738.
-rw-r--r-- 1 nic 10 102676 Dec 21 1994 rfc1739.
<Transfer complete
670 bytes transferred at 26800 bps
Run time = 10. ms, Elapsed time = 200. ms

**NIC.DDN.MIL> get rfc1739.txt primer.
connection for rfc1739.txt (102676 bytes).
<Transfer complete
105255 bytes transferred at 93664 bps
Run time = 130. ms, Elapsed time = 8990. ms

**NIC.DDN.MIL>
SMCVAX
====================================================================

5. User Database Lookup

Finding other users on the Internet is an art, not a science
Although there is a distributed database listing all of the 16+
million hosts on the Internet, no similar database yet exists for
tens of millions of users. While many commercial ISPs
directories of the users of their network, these databases are
yet linked. The paragraphs below will discuss some of the
available for finding users on the Internet

5.1. WHOIS/

WHOIS and NICNAME are TCP/IP applications that search databases
find the name of network and system administrators, RFC authors
system and network points-of-contact, and other individuals who
registered in appropriate databases. The original NICNAME/
protocol is described in RFC 954 [10].

WHOIS may be accessed by TELNETing to an appropriate WHOIS server
logging in as whois (no password is required); the most
Internet name server is located at the Internet Network
Center (InterNIC) at rs.internic.net. This specific database

Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 19]

RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

contains INTERNET domains, IP network numbers, and domain points
contact; policies governing the InterNIC database are described
RFC 1400 [31]. The MILNET database resides at nic.ddn.mil and PSI'
White Pages pilot service is located at psi.com

Many software packages contain a WHOIS/NICNAME client
automatically establishes the TELNET connection to a default
server database, although users can usually specify any name
database that they want

The accompanying dialogues shows several types of WHOIS/
information queries. In the session below, we request
about an individual (Denis Stratford) by using WHOIS locally,
specific domain (hill.com) by using NICNAME locally, and a
address (199.182.20.0) and high-level domain (com) using TELNET to
WHOIS server

====================================================================

**SMCVAX$ whois stratford,
Stratford, Denis (DS378) denis@@SMCVAX.SMCVT.
St. Michael's
Jemery Hall, Room 274
Winooski
Colchester, VT 05439
(802) 654-2384

Record last updated on 02-Nov-92.
SMCVAX

**C:> nicname hill.
[198.41.0.5]
Hill Associates (HILL-DOM
17 Roosevelt Hwy
Colchester, Vermont 05446

Domain Name: HILL.

Administrative Contact
Kessler, Gary C. (GK34) g.kessler@HILL.
802-655-0940
Technical Contact, Zone Contact
Monaghan, Carol A. (CAM4) c.monaghan@HILL.
802-655-0940

Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 20]

RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

Billing Contact
Parry, Amy (AP1257) a.parry@HILL.
802-655-0940

Record last updated on 11-Jun-96.
Record created on 11-Jan-93.

Domain servers in listed order

SYRUP.HILL.COM 199.182.20.3
NS1.NOC.NETCOM.NET 204.31.1.1

**C:> telnet rs.internic.
SunOS UNIX 4.1 (rs1) (ttypb

***********************************************************************
* -- InterNIC Registration Services Center --
*
* For wais, type: WAIS * For the *original* whois type: WHOIS [search string] * For referral whois type: RWHOIS [search string] *
**********************************************************************
Please be advised that use constitutes consent to
(Elec Comm Priv Act, 18 USC 2701-2711)

**[vt220] InterNIC >
InterNIC WHOIS Version: 1.2 Wed, 18 Sep 96 09:49:50

**Whois: 199.182.20.0
Hill Associates (NET-HILLASSC
17 Roosevelt
Colchester, VT 05446

Netname:
Netnumber: 199.182.20.0

Coordinator
Monaghan, Carol A. (CAM4) c.monaghan@HILL.
802-655-0940

Record last updated on 17-May-94.

Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 21]

RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

**Whois: com-
Commercial top-level domain (COM-DOM
Network Solutions, Inc
505 Huntmar park Dr
Herndon, VA 22070

Domain Name:

Administrative Contact, Technical Contact, Zone Contact
Network Solutions, Inc. (HOSTMASTER) hostmaster@INTERNIC.
(703) 742-4777 (FAX) (703) 742-4811

Record last updated on 02-Sep-94.
Record created on 01-Jan-85.

Domain servers in listed order

A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET 198.41.0.4
H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET 128.63.2.53
B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET 128.9.0.107
C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET 192.33.4.12
D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET 128.8.10.90
E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET 192.203.230.10
I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET 192.36.148.17
F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET 192.5.5.241
G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET 192.112.36.4

**Would you like to see the known domains under this top-level domain?

**Whois:

**[vt220] InterNIC >

Wed Sep 18 09:50:29 1996

Connection #0
C:>
====================================================================

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RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

5.2.

KNOWBOT is an automated username database search tool that is
to WHOIS. The Knowbot Information Service (KIS), operated by
Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) in Reston
Virginia, provides a simple WHOIS-like interface that allows users
query several Internet user databases (White Pages services) all
one time. A single KIS query will automatically search the InterNIC
MILNET, MCImail, and PSI White Pages Pilot Project; other
may also be included

KNOWBOT may be accessed by TELNETing to host info.cnri.reston.va.us
The help command will supply sufficient information to get started
The sample dialogue below shows use of the query command to locate
user named "Steven Shepard"; this command automatically starts
search through the default set of Internet databases

====================================================================
**C:> telnet info.cnri.reston.va.

Knowbot Information

KIS Client (V2.0). Copyright CNRI 1990. All Rights Reserved

KIS searches various Internet directory
to find someone's street address, email address and phone number

Type 'man' at the prompt for a complete reference with examples
Type 'help' for a quick reference to commands
Type 'news' for information about recent changes

Please enter your email address in our guest book...
**(Your email address?) > s.shepard@hill.

**> query shepard,
Trying whois at ds.internic.net...
The ds.internic.net whois server is being queried
Nothing returned

The rs.internic.net whois server is being queried

Shepard, Steven (SS2192) 708-810-5215
Shepard, Steven (SS1302) axisteven@AOL.COM (954) 974-4569

Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 23]

RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

The nic.ddn.mil whois server is being queried

Shepard, Steven (SS2192)
R.R. Donnelley &
750 Warrenville
Lisle, IL 60532
Trying mcimail at cnri.reston.va.us...
Trying ripe at whois.ripe.net...
Trying whois at whois.lac.net...

No match found for .SHEPARD,

**>
KIS
Connection #0
C:>
====================================================================

6. Information

File transfer, remote login, and electronic mail remained the
applications of the ARPANET/Internet until the early 1990s. But
the Internet user population shifted from hard-core
researchers and academics to more casual users, easier-to-use
were needed for the Net to become accepted as a useful resource.
means making things easier to find. This section will discuss some
the early tools that made it easier to locate and access
on the Internet

6.1.

Archie, developed in 1992 at the Computer Science Department
McGill University in Montreal, allows users to find software, data
and other information files that reside at anonymous FTP
sites; the name of the program, reportedly, is derived from the
"archive" and not from the comic book character. Archie tracks
contents of several thousand anonymous FTP sites containing
of files. The archie server automatically updates the
from each registered site about once a month, providing
up-to-date information without unduly stressing the network. Archie
however, is not as popular as it once was and many sites have
updated their information; as the examples below show, many of
catalog listings are several years old

Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 24]

RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

Before using archie, you must identify a server address. The
below all support archie; most (but not all) archie sites support
servers command which lists all known archie servers. Due to
popularity of archie at some sites and its high processing demands
many sites limit access to non-peak hours and/or limit the number
simultaneous archie users. Available archie sites include

archie.au archie.rediris.
archie.edvz.uni-linz.ac.at archie.luth.
archie.univie.ac.at archie.switch.
archie.uqam.ca archie.ncu.edu.
archie.funet.fi archie.doc.ic.ac.
archie.th-darmstadt.de archie.unl.
archie.ac.il archie.internic.
archie.unipi.it archie.rutgers.
archie.wide.ad.jp archie.ans.
archie.kr archie.sura.
archie.sogang.ac.

All archie sites can be accessed using archie client software.
archie servers may be accessed using TELNET; when TELNETing to
archie site, login as archie (you must use lower case) and
if a password is requested

Once connected, the help command assists users in obtaining
information about using archie. Two more useful archie commands
prog, used to search for files in the database, and whatis,
searches for keywords in the program descriptions

In the accompanying dialogue, the set maxhits command is used
limit the number of responses to any following prog commands; if
is not done, the user may get an enormous amount of information.
this example, the user issues a request to find entries related
"dilbert"; armed with this information, a user can use anonymous
to examine these directories and files

The next request is for files with "tcp/ip" as a keyword descriptor
These responses can be used for subsequent prog commands

Exit archie using the exit command. At this point, TELNET closes
connection and control returns to the local host

Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 25]

RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

Additional information about archie can be obtained by sending e-
to Bunyip Information Systems (archie-info@bunyip.com).
software is not required to use archie, but can make life a
easier; some such software can be downloaded using anonymous FTP
the /pub/archie/clients/ directory at ftp.sura.net (note that
newest program in this directory is dated June 1994). Most
and commercial archie clients hide the complexity described in
section; users usually connect to a pre-configured archie
merely by typing an archie command line

====================================================================
**C:> telnet archie.unl.
SunOS UNIX (crcnis2)

**login:
**Password

Welcome to the ARCHIE server at the University of Nebraska -

# Bunyip Information Systems, 1993

**unl-archie>
These are the commands you can use in help

. go up one level in the

? display a list of valid subtopics at the current

done, ^D, ^C quit from help

help on a topic or
Eg
"help show

will give you the help screen for the "show"

"help set search

Will give you the help information for the "search" variable

The command "manpage" will give you a complete copy of the
manual page
**help>

**unl-archie> set maxhits 5

**unl-archie> prog

Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 26]

RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

# Search type: sub
# Your queue position: 2
# Estimated time for completion: 00:20

Host ftp.wustl.edu (128.252.135.4)
Last updated 10:08 25 Dec 1993

Location: /multimedia/images/gif/unindexed/931118
FILE -rw-r--r-- 9747 bytes 19:18 17 Nov 1993 dilbert.

**unl-archie> whatis tcp/
RFC 1065 McCloghrie, K.; Rose, M.T
Structure and identification of management information for TCP/IP-
internets. 1988 August; 21 p. (Obsoleted by RFC 1155)
RFC 1066 McCloghrie, K.; Rose, M.T
Management Information Base for network management of TCP/IP-
internets. 1988 August; 90 p. (Obsoleted by RFC 1156)
RFC 1085 Rose, M.T. ISO
services on top of TCP/IP based internets. 1988 December; 32 p
RFC 1095 Warrier, U.S.; Besaw, L.
Management Information Services and Protocol over TCP/IP (CMOT). 1989
April; 67 p. (Obsoleted by RFC 1189)
RFC 1144 Jacobson, V. Compressing TCP/
headers for low-speed serial links. 1990 February; 43 p
RFC 1147 Stine, R.H.,ed. FYI on
network management tool catalog: Tools for monitoring and
TCP/IP internets and interconnected devices. 1990 April; 126 p. (
FYI 2)
RFC 1155 Rose, M.T.; McCloghrie, K
Structure and identification of management information for TCP/IP-
internets. 1990 May; 22 p. (Obsoletes RFC 1065)
RFC 1156 McCloghrie, K.; Rose, M.T
Management Information Base for network management of TCP/IP-
internets. 1990 May; 91 p. (Obsoletes RFC 1066)
RFC 1158 Rose, M.T.,ed.
Information Base for network management of TCP/IP-based internets
MIB-II. 1990 May; 133 p
RFC 1180 Socolofsky, T.J.; Kale, C.J
TCP/IP tutorial. 1991 January; 28 p
RFC 1195 Callon, R.W. Use of
IS-IS for routing in TCP/IP and dual environments. 1990 December; 65 p
RFC 1213 McCloghrie, K.; Rose,M.T.,eds
Management Information Base for network management of TCP/IP-
internets:MIB-II. 1991 March; 70 p. (Obsoletes RFC 1158)
log_tcp Package to monitor tcp/ip
ping PD version of the ping(1) command. Send
ECHO requests to a host on the network (TCP/IP) to see whether it'
reachable or

Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 27]

RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

**unl-archie>
# Bye

Connection #0

C:>
====================================================================

6.2.

The Internet Gopher protocol was developed at the University
Minnesota's Microcomputer Center in 1991, as a
information search and retrieval tool for the Internet. Gopher
described in RFC 1436 [1]; the name derives from the University'
mascot

Gopher provides a tool so that publicly available information at
host can be organized in a hierarchical fashion using simple
descriptions, allowing files to be perused using a simple
system. Gopher also allows a user to view a file on demand
requiring additional file transfer protocols. In addition,
introduced the capability of linking sites on the Internet, so
each Gopher site can be used as a stepping stone to access
sites and reducing the amount of duplicate information and effort
the network

Any Gopher site can be accessed using Gopher client software (or
WWW browser). In many cases, users can access Gopher by TELNETing
a valid Gopher location; if the site provides a remote Gopher client
the user will see a text-based, menu interface. The number of
sites grew rapidly between 1991 and 1994, although growth tapered
to the introduction of the Web; in any case, most Gopher sites have
menu item that will allow you to identify other Gopher sites.
using TELNET, login with the username gopher (this must be
lowercase); no password is required

In the sample dialogue below, the user attaches to the Gopher
at the Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) by TELNETing
ds.internic.net. With the menu interface shown here, the user
follows the prompts. Initially, the main menu will appear.
item 3 causes Gopher to seize and display the "InterNIC
Services (NSI)" menu; move to the desired menu item by typing
item number or by moving the pointer (-->) down to the desired
using the DOWN-ARROW key on the keyboard, and then hitting ENTER.
quit the program at any time, press q (quit); ? and u will
help or go back up to the previous menu, respectively. Users may
search for strings within files using the / command or download
file being interrogated using the D command

Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 28]

RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

Menu item 1 within the first submenu (selected in the dialogue
here) is titled "InterNIC Registration Archives." As its
implies, this is a place to obtain files containing the InterNIC'
domain registration policies, domain data, registration forms,
other information related to registering names and domains on
Internet

====================================================================
**SMCVAX$ telnet ds.internic.

UNIX(r) System V Release 4.0 (ds2)

**login:

********************************************************************
Welcome to the InterNIC Directory and Database Server
********************************************************************

Internet Gopher Information Client v2.1.3
Home Gopher server:

--> 1. About InterNIC Directory and Database Services
2. InterNIC Directory and Database Services (AT&T)/
3. InterNIC Registration Services (NSI)/
4.

Press ? for Help, q to Quit Page: 1/1
**View item number: 3

Internet Gopher Information Client v2.1.3
InterNIC Registration Services (NSI

--> 1. InterNIC Registration Archives
2. Whois Searches (InterNIC IP, ASN, DNS, and POC Registry)

Press ? for Help, q to Quit, u to go up a menu Page: 1/1
**View item number: 1
Internet Gopher Information Client v2.1.3
InterNIC Registration

--> 1. archives
2. domain
3. netinfo
4. netprog
5. policy
6. pub
7. templates

Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 29]

RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

Press ? for Help, q to Quit, u to go up a menu Page: 1/1
**
**Really quit (y/n) ?

Connection closed by Foreign

SMCVAX
====================================================================

6.3. VERONICA, JUGHEAD, and

The problem with being blessed with so much information from FTP
archie, Gopher, and other sources is exactly that -- too
information. To make it easier for users to locate the system
which their desired information resides, a number of other tools
been created

VERONICA (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-wide Index to
Archives) was developed at the University of Nevada at Reno as
archie- like adjunct to Gopher. As the number of Gopher sites
grew after its introduction, it became increasingly harder to
information in gopherspace since Gopher was designed to search
single database at a time. VERONICA maintains an index of titles
Gopher items and performs a keyword search on all of the Gopher
that it has knowledge of and access to, obviating the need for
user to perform a menu-by-menu, site-by-site search for information
When a user selects an item from the menu of a VERONICA search
"sessions" are automatically established with the appropriate
servers, and a list of data items is returned to the
Gopher client in the form of a Gopher menu so that the user
access the files. VERONICA is available as an option on many
servers

Another Gopher-adjunct is JUGHEAD (Jonzy's Universal Gopher
Excavation And Display). JUGHEAD supports key word searches and
use of logical operators (AND, OR, and NOT). The result of a
search is a display of all menu items which match the search
which are located in the University of Manchester and
Information Server, working from a static database that is re-
every day. JUGHEAD is available from many Gopher sites,
VERONICA may be a better tool for global searches

The Wide Area Information Server (WAIS, pronounced "ways")
initiated jointly by Apple Computer, Dow Jones, KMPG Peat Marwick
and Thinking Machines Corp. It is a set of free-ware, share-ware,
commercial software products for a wide variety of hardware/
platforms, which work together to help users find information on
Internet. WAIS provides a single interface through which a user

Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 30]

RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

access many different information databases. The user
allows a query to be formulated in English and the WAIS server
automatically choose the appropriate databases to search.
information about WAIS can be obtained by reading the WAIS FAQ,
host rtfm.mit.edu in file /pub/usenet/news.answers/wais-faq

7. The World Wide

The World Wide Web (WWW) is thought (erroneously) by many to be
same thing as the Internet. But the confusion, in many ways,
justified; by early 1996, the WWW accounted for over 40% of all
the traffic on the Internet. In addition, the number of hosts on
Internet named www has grown from several hundred in mid-1994
17,000 in mid-1995 to 212,000 in mid-1996 to over 410,000 by
1997. The Web has made information on the Internet accessible
users of all ages and computer skill levels. It has provided
mechanism so that nearly anyone can become a content provider
According to some, growth in the number of WWW users is
by any other event in human history

The WWW was developed in the early 1990s at the CERN Institute
Particle Physics in Geneva, Switzerland. The Web was designed
combine aspects of information retrieval with
communications, unlike archie and Gopher, which were primarily
for the indexing of text-based files. The Web allows users to
information in many different types of formats, including text
sound, image, animation, and video. WWW treats all
Internet files as hypertext documents. Hypertext is a term
merely refers to text that contains pointers to other text,
a user reading one document to jump to another document for
information on a given topic, and then return to the same location
the original document. WWW hypermedia documents are able to
images, sound, graphics, video, and animation in addition to text

To access WWW servers, users must run client software called
browser. The browser and server use the Hypertext Transfer
(HTTP) [3]. WWW documents are written in the Hypertext
Language (HTML) [2, 20], a simple text-based formatting language
is hardware and software platform-independent. Users point
browser at some location using a shorthand format called a
Resource Locator (URL), which allows a WWW servers to obtain
from any location on the public Internet using a variety
protocols, including HTTP, FTP, Gopher, and TELNET

Mosaic, developed in 1994 at the National Center for
Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana
Champaign, was the first widely-used browser. Because it
available at no cost over the Internet via anonymous FTP, and had

Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 31]

RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

version for Windows, Mac, and UNIX systems, Mosaic was probably
single reason that the Web attracted so many users so quickly.
most commonly used browsers today include the Netscape
(http://www.netscape.com), Microsoft's Internet
(http://www.microsoft.com), and NCSA
(http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/).

The WWW is ideally suited to a windows environment, or other point
and-click graphical user interface. Nevertheless, several text-
Web browsers do exist, although their usefulness is limited if
to obtain graphical images, or audio or video clips. One text-
Web browser is Lynx, and an example of its use is shown below.
in square brackets in the sample dialogue are Lynx's way
indicating an image or other display that cannot be shown on an
terminal

====================================================================
**gck@zoo.uvm.edu> lynx www.hill.
Getting http://www.hill.com
Looking up www.hill.com
Making HTTP connection to www.hill.com.Sending HTTP request
HTTP request sent; waiting for response.Read 176 bytes of data
512 of 2502 bytes of data
1024 of 2502 bytes of data
536
2048
502
Data transfer

Hill

[INLINE] Hill Associates, Inc

Leaders in Telecommunications Training and Education
_________________________________________________________________

Hill Associates is an international provider of voice and
telecommunications training and education. We cover the full
of the field, including telephony, computer networks, ISDN, X.25
fast packet technologies (frame relay, SMDS, ATM), wireless, TCP/
and the Internet, LANs and LAN interconnection, legacy networks
multimedia and virtual reality, broadband services, regulation
service strategies, and network security

Hill Associates' products and services include instructor-led
computer-based (CBT), and hands-on workshop courses.
distribution media include audio tape, video tape, CD-ROM, and 3.5"
disks (PC).

Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 32]

RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

_________________________________________________________________

Hill Associates products, services, and corporate

* About Hill
* HAI Products and Services
* Datacomm/2000-ED
* Contacting Hill
* Employment
* HAI Personnel Home

On-line information resources from Hill

* HAI Telecommunications Acronym
* Articles, Books, and On-Line Presentations by HAI
* GCK's Miscellaneous Sites List...

Hill Associates is host to the

* IEEE Local Computer Networks Conference Home Page...
* Vermont Telecommunications Resource
________________________________________________________________

Please send any comments or suggestions to the HAI Webmaster.
back again soon

Information at this site (c) 1994-1997 Hill Associates

Arrow keys: Up and Down to move. Right to follow a link; Left to
back
H)elp O)ptions P)rint G)o M)ain screen Q)uit /=
[delete]=history

**
**URL to open: http://www.bbn.
Getting http://www.bbn.com
Looking up www.bbn.com
Making HTTP connection to www.bbn.com.Sending HTTP request
HTTP request sent; waiting for response.Read 119 bytes of data
500
1000 bytes of data
2
5
925
Data transfer

BBN On The World Wide

Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 33]

RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997

[LINK
BBN Reports Fourth-Quarter and Year-End 1996

[INLINE
[ISMAP
[ISMAP
[LINK
[INLINE

Who Won Our
How The Noc Solves
Noc Noc Who's
BBN Planet Network

[LINK][LINK][LINK][LINK][LINK][LINK
[LINK
Contact BBN
Directions to
Text only index of the BBN Web
|
Corporate
Send questions and comments about our site to Webmaster@bbn.
(c) 1996 BBN

Arrow keys: Up and Down to move. Right to follow a link; Left to
back
H)elp O)ptions P)rint G)o M)ain screen Q)uit /=
[delete]=history
**

gck@zoo.uvm.edu
====================================================================

7.1. Uniform Resource

As more and more protocols have become available to identify files
archive and server sites, news lists